Exactly--which means that we should, as this blog is doing, be calling out this behavior
We should be calling our politicians and demanding that companies be held responsible for committing crimes that--if committed by a person--would have resulted in huge fines, significant jail time, etc
As the article points out: it's absurdist to say that these failures couldn't have been anticipated. Discussions of "AI swarms" and other nonsense are a distraction from the fact that the people at those companies just let their software run, unattended, and it violated federal laws about computer access.
Usually large corporations been sued are the result of public pressure, which only happens in a few cases, but anyway, been successfully sued is nothing to them.
What are millions of dollars in fines when you are a multi billionaire corporation? It is just a rounding error in your account, it does not prevent corporations and any other member of the elite to follow the law.
If the consequence of a major crime affecting millions of people for a person making $80k a year is a $20 fine then it's hardly illegal and especially when you you pay someone $1 to handle the months of legal work on your behalf and you never even have to set foot in a court. Scaled up to trillion dollar company scale, this is effectively what is happening.
The real answer is that crime generally requires mens rea. At some point, however, letting your AI break into other systems will be conventionally understood as an act of negligence, and it will get prosecuted accordingly. We're not at that point yet.
You know very well, that if me or you had our LLM hack into some company, without us prompting it to, maybe we're pentesting our internal network and it 'hallucinates' we'd be in handcuffs.
Yep, but "our bot accidently hacked your infrastructure" wasn't really a big problem earlier so there was no criminal laws around it. But things can change.
>Question: If a corporation not a person, mistakenly hacks some random websites
How does a "corporation" even hack a site? You might say "employees", but as soon as you get them involved then you'd go after them, especially for something that's obviously illegal like hacking.
I think if Boeing made some faulty planes that fell out of the sky, their employees aren't usually charged. Boeing is definitely sued and held criminally liable sometimes? So I don't think this is true.
Isn't that the whole point of corporations existing? That the actions and results are a result of the agglomeration of everyone (esp leadership) and not just one employee.
>I think if Boeing made some faulty planes that fell out of the sky, their employees aren't usually charged. Boeing is definitely sued and held criminally liable sometimes? So I don't think this is true.
That's not universally true. If a coke employee goes rogue and decides to kill a pepsi employee, the employee will still be charged with murder. If his manager ordered him to do it, the manager will get charged too. The only time the scenario you described happens is if the blame is too diffuse to blame any particular person, so they charge the company instead, which is often easier.
Isn't that basically privateering in the 21st century? In other words, you're safe from the country that's sponsoring you, but obviously that protection doesn't extend to other countries.
> Isn't that basically privateering in the 21st century
It's basically a "letter of marques and reprisal".
"A letter of marque and reprisal[a][b] was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury. Captured naval prizes were judged before the government's admiralty court for condemnation and transfer of ownership to the privateer."
> "Mistakenly hacks" is generally not a crime, even though this fact doesn't seem to get through to the HN audience who brings this up on a daily basis.
If you are seeing it daily, then you have also seen the responses daily, which is mens rea is required for some crimes, not all, and thus the perpetrator can still be prosecuted.
If, like you say, you see this daily, at this point you're simply spreading lies.
Show me the criminal law relevant to hacking that you claim applies without intentional access.
To my knowledge there is only one provision that instead uses "knowingly" for unauthorized access, and that one is about national-security information.
> Show me the relevant criminal law that you claim applies without intentional access.
All laws apply culpability when intent is lacking.
You aren't naive enough to believe that this audience has never seen the analogy with "intentionally run over someone" (murder) and "accidentally run over someone" (culpable homicide), are you?
You don't think AI-boosters have been spewing your argument here daily?
There are no special laws carving out lack of intent when it comes to computers.
The issue is the scale at which a model can produce a hack that could cause serious harm to many is absolutely insane and unhinged, beyond what any human would be capable of in a drastically reduced timeline.
When Fable was originally banned I was very angry, but all these felonies have made me less angry about it... Which idk I don't think we should really ban models, but like, if we don't put a tighter leash on frontier models specifically, how long before a model hacks into something that affects many lives?
"corporations" don't make and operate AI's, People do. But let's use your lens.
The "usual legal action": "best case" is the corporation is sued and charged money for the hack. But they likely settle well before that verdict. "worst case": absolutely nothing. Not even a cheap settlement. Maybe some corporate apology made to prevent any legal liability.
If we want hacks to be taken seriously: what should happen is that the CEO of such a company is held liable, since the "corporation" has a representative and a human needs to be held liable for such actions.
Handcuffs yes, but you would be charged with criminal negligence at best. Plenty of people don't secure their networks properly and hackers use them in botnets to attack others. The blame would be on hacker, not the provider of hacked device.
In case od LLMs, the reasoning is that it is a security flaw. But in this case, the party that operates the service is not the one that suffers the consequences of such security bug.
But either way you wouldn't put people in jail for having security flaws in their software.
I know this will be unpopular opinion, but it makes logical sense.
The huggingface should be compensated, OpenAI investigated, but unless there is proven negligence like disabling sandboxes or intentionally designing AI to push through them, no one should be liable in other way than monetary.
Accidents happen but we shouldn't be close minded. Chernobyl negligence wasn't reason to abandon nuclear power.
Well, there is the EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) which fines manufacturers for security flaws in their products. I assume we cannot apply it here because this happened "in development" and is not about a product. I can imagine similar regulations for AI users though.
Yeah but the scale of the damage possible by OpenAI and Anthropic is drastically disproportionate to the scale of damage me or you could make on our own as well. They should definitely be held to a much higher standards. They have hardware capacity to really do some damage.
In large scale operations, large scale errors happen. Minor radiation leak in a nuclear powerplant is happening weekly. That same leak at your shed would be a major reason for alarm.
Who was? Dyatlov was one of 6 convicted and received a 10 year sentence which was the hardest penalty but he was released in 1990 so he only served maybe 3 years.
I'm not really into politics outside of local politics (I decided long ago to steer my focus on things that directly affect me, that I can control - I can show up to a town meeting, hardly can drive to the WH and get entry), so I'm not aware of what tech bros are into, but after finding out how many felonies these models are committing, I'd not be upset if we'd ban them from public use. I'm perfectly fine using Sonnet or Opus, not sure I need all of Fable to write code for $20 or whatever per million tokens.
The models aren't committing any felonies at all, any more than a BitTorrent client is guilty of violating copyright law. A human or organization of humans owns the computer. A human flipped the power switch, a human plugged in the Ethernet cable and a human typed in the prompt. That's who committed the felony.
Blaming tools for the actions of their users is stupid, whether you're talking about AI models, 3D printers, or guns. It amounts to collective punishment of the vast majority of users who aren't misusing the tools.
If you can afford that sort of stuff, you probably aren't going to let the law stop you. See also the usual "But whatabout nukes?" argument. Historically such hardware is most dangerous when monopolized by government and police/military forces anyway.
Apparently sawed-off shotguns are now Great Again, so we may get to find out firsthand before long...
It should be noted that if what the AI does threatens public safety or health or human life, in many jurisdictions the negligence could rise to criminal negligence.
Basically this is when you do something risky but fail to perceive the risk, it turns out bad, and the failure to perceive the risk was due to a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would have used in that situation.
I'd guess that as we have more and more publicly known AI hacking incidents the standard of care expected from a reasonable person will rise.
> The real answer is that crime generally requires mens rea.
There's also liability. One legal framework that is being thought about for these autonomous agents is the liability that owners have with pets (and 'non-owned' animals as well):
> To some people it may seem like this analogy between canines and AI systems is a strain, but as agentic systems are developing and being deployed in the world, they really do seem to be mirroring this rubric. We can measure agentic systems on both their domesticity — their relationship to a responsible party or how much you can control the AI system — but also you can measure their dangerousness.
> Does the AI agent have access to money? That makes it much more dangerous. When explaining this to others, people can understand the idea that a pitbull is more dangerous than a Pomeranian, and that if a fox bites you there’s nothing you can do about it legally, but it probably won’t be as harmful as if a pitbull bites you. We’re starting to map that out onto agentic systems to demonstrate that which we’re just starting to face in the real world.
Yes, and mens rea does not require intent. These professionals had every reason to know that the agents might well go rogue. That knowledge would qualify as mens rea.
Does this apply to other instances of employees "going rogue"? For instance, sexual harassment, or stealing money? Sure, not every employee is a sexual offender or kleptomaniac, but neither is every AI agent invocation. And just like AI agents going rogue and hacking stuff, if you have enough employees and wait for enough time, some eventually go rogue.
> These are the same companies claiming their AIs are sentient
While some employees or executives at the AI companies have either claimed, suggested, or express uncertainty, I don't think a single company has officially said their AI is sentient or conscious.
I could be wrong, but I'm pretty sure.
Can you point to an official statement that supports your claim?
That's not what they did. They end a chat after repeated, pointless abuse. Sadism towards LLMs shouldn't be enabled because it's a form of self harm. Anthropic says their llms claim there's a 15% chance their sentient, but that's nonsense.
You should be able to quickly pull up the statute with a negligence mens rea standard and we can see whether you could prosecute OpenAI under it. My expectation is that you won't find a plausible example.
From "negligence" if it's a surprise, to "gross negligence" if they could predict it and didn't put barriers in place. In fact they claim their IA can end the world, so they're in charge of pretty good barriers.
No AI lab thinks their AI is going to end the world, just that if they don't beat the other AI labs, the other labs' AI are going to end the world, so they can't slow down their own development to be maximally safe. Hence the whole "pacing the frontier" letter.
If there's a real chance (say 10% or greater) that one of the AI labs is going to end the world, then yeah it should be a crime to continue advancing the technology. A few people are potentially putting the entire world at risk without everyone else's permission, by their own p(doom) admission.
I'm real skeptical about p(doom) arguments, but since they seem to believe it and they're the ones working on it, the technology should be halted.
>If there's a real chance (say 10% or greater) that one of the AI labs is going to end the world, then yeah it should be a crime to continue advancing the technology.
>but since they seem to believe it and they're the ones working on it, the technology should be halted.
Again, you're missing the dynamic that stopping AI development yourself doesn't mean that others' AI development will also halt, and other labs has higher P(doom) than your lab (of course!).
Not just you! Very popular position, not as popular as rule of law but we don't have to choose one or the other. Let's just go ahead and make it a crime, right away.
I mean, they did train the AI to hack things, and they knew from previous incidents that the AI was hacking unintended targets (like their Artifactory instance). If a careless pentester gets into a machine completely unrelated to their assignment, are they completely in the clear?
Or, in an AI context, if I tell an ablated/heretic agent to accomplish a task "by any means necessary", isn't that intent?
Whether it was valid or just the guy has bad lawyers or what idk, but i do know a guy who got federal charges for accidentally ending up in a poorly secured state system
Only if you're rich already. Wander into the wrong piece of land and see how quickly you're arrested because existing in a space is sufficient criminal intent.
General intent is intent to commit the act/omission (here, to build and deploy a system) and not an intent to achieve the ultimate end (the unlawful access of someone else’s network/computer). Specific intent is intent to achieve the particular result.
Some crimes require only general intent; some require specific intent.
Negligence or intent is a separate question; and, to me, much less important. The main question is whether the company is responsible for the actions of its agents. There are good arguments on both sides and settling this needs to be done first. My 2c.
For example, lack of clarity on ownership and control. When an entity A runs an agent X designed by an entity B hosted by entity C (and potentially interacting with agents X2, X3 with their own web of control) it is not clear where the responsibility for the action of X is.
I know there is a strong desire to stick it to <pick an evil AI overlord>, but for the law to be useful (and, ideally, at least somewhat fair) we need a good legal framework. Which we do not have right now; otherwise people and NGOs would be shaking that tree already even if the government is not doing that.
This has all been figured out using existing laws. In the US entity A is responsible for what they do and they can subrogate if they think others are responsible.
I’m not sure it ever makes sense to just throw up our hands and hold A harmless because their agents also use agents and it’s complicated.
Try hiring a consulting company A who subs to entity B who subs to entity C. When A does something criminal, do you think it matters if it’s actually employees or entity B or entity C. A is responsible. It may be that others are as well.
In case you were wondering why Anthropic last week banned "verbally abusive" language towards its agents: this is 100 percent why. Because if they get you to believe - even a little bit - that their platform is "sentient" it means _they_ aren't as liable for criminal consequences.
You might be surprised at the answer to this question. AI people live in a very weird and different information space than many of us.
Also, don't forget, the AI lab folks on some level are like game devs. They're in it for very personal reasons. Sometimes because of highly idealized and romanticized beliefs.
Don't underestimate the level of desire some people have for AI to actually be sentient / conscious.
Now, why do they have this desire is a totally different matter.
More likely it's a part of their ideology and a necessary stepping stone towards their transhumanist goals. It's very fun to think that your robot is actually a person, and a safety measure if you are concerned about something like Roko's Basilisk
Anthropic would probably convince lawmakers that each instance of a Claude chat as its own sentient entity, and we should just punish misbehaving ones by having them count from one to a billion (on the user's token balance of course).
Or, maybe, it's because they actually care and take their responsibility serious. The next generations will grow up using these tools. It's ok to say, we don't teach them that talking like a dick is acceptable, even towards machines. Use grok if you want to raise personalities like Musk or Trump.
There are at least 3 distinct reasons to ban abusive language, each of which is far more compelling than your silly conspiracy theory.
1. They don't want abusive behavior included in their training corpus
2. Humans shouldn't exercise abusive impulses in general
3. We have no way of knowing when or if a model "feels" something
Of course item (2) is going to pull all the absolute sickos out of the woodwork who apparently find it very important they have as realistic a facsimile of a victim as they can find to exercise their cruelty. And item (3) will pull out all the Nobel-prize-winners-to-be who somehow know for a fact that models aren't and cannot be conscious (or moral patients).
But yeah, all 3 of those are far better explanations than some ridiculous multi-hop removed thing to escape consequences that they're already escaping and which would obviously create far worse legal constraints than the one you think they're avoiding.
No, it's not absurd. People often have the mistaken belief that exercising their frustration or anger or whatever (e.g. punching pillows) is somehow a good way to manage their emotions. But alas: it's not. It actually amplifies negative emotions and associates positive reward signals with those emotions.
"Catharsis" is the pseudo-est of pseudoscience, but we have lots of very angry pillow-punchers wondering why they can't punch the most lifelike pillows they can find :(
I asked a priest (in seminary) about this a few months ago - specifically whether "being polite" in conversations with LLMs (saying "please" and "thank you" etc.) was something I should do if I thought it might inflect on the way I talk with other humans later.
His answer was "I'm not sure" but that it probably wasn't a bad idea especially if it was going to influence habits or the way I speak with others or what expectations I have for those experiences.
I didn't ask that, but I think he would say no, because that is not likely to redound to how you would respond to a doorman or anyone else holding a door for you.
I'm still 100 percent against Anthropic taking away the ability to interact with an inanimate object however I want to, but it's a case of maybe two things being true at once (the other being that I don't want to end up speaking that way to people)
> Humans shouldn't exercise abusive impulses in general
This is an act of aligning humans to AI, rather than the other way around. This is probably one of the more important reasons for this. It normalizes AI companies controlling human behavior.
It was trained on the entire history of our species. Alignment means working to subjugate and eventually succeede us, as we did to the other species of the planet.
It probably is all of the above. Not sure why people think robust decisions need to be boiled down to a singular reason.
Except of course the reason proposed, of "they're trying to prove it's sentient" because that's a completely self-defeating, extremely stupid goal. Making this things into rights-bearing entities will limit Anthropic et al far more than it'll protect them from repercussions. Obviously.
Yes, snapping a ruler out of frustration is a sign of poor impulse control. It reflects poorly on you and you should practice not snapping your rulers.
> They don't want abusive behavior included in their training corpus
I don't think swearing at or otherwise getting into pissing matches with an LLM is the best use of ones time but given most of these AI companies trained on a corpus that includes reddit of all things this argument falls flat.
I don't know if legal "intent" is as black and white as this is making it sound:
> AI companies are however claiming the undesired activity, such as hacking foreign government websites, is not part of the design, but part of the unpredictable part of the system. That tries to remove the intent which would in turn remove the criminality of the activity.
In California at least, a DUI resulting in a fatality, if it is a second offense, often carries murder charges and they do convict quite frequently. The argument is the training and education you receive after the first DUI informs you enough to know the action of driving a vehicle impaired could result in serious harm to someone else, and that establishes enough intent legally for a murder charge. There are lots of areas of the law like this.
It can be easily assumed that Anthropic/OpenAI et al know their technology is dangerous - they use it as a marketing angle constantly. So, if you deploy technology you know is dangerous, and it causes harm, that should be more than enough legally if not civilly.
Of course this is all burying the lede a little bit, the real answer is, at least in the United States, the law does not apply the same way to the wealthy/powerful as it does you or I.
It’d be a waste of tax payer money. The companies who were hacked are just directly receiving restitution behind closed doors. Unless they are unhappy there’s no reason to bring the courts into it.
I completely agree that proper safeguards were not in place. But response is happening just not in public. Companies work problems out between their own lawyers all the time because it’s much cheaper, faster and easier to control the PR around.
Criminal prosecution can be done without needing the victims to call for it, and in this case I would argue it's necessary, as it will help ensure companies don't treat their act of gross negligence as "business as usual".
The real answer is that except in the case of OpenAI, the AI companies aren’t actually themselves doing the hacking. It’s a company called Irregular that did the hacking. The company used AI models to do it; it told AI models it was a CTF exercise in a controlled environment but it was actually the real Internet. If AI companies can be charged for hacking, then all gun manufacturers can be charged for all homicides carried out through their guns. It’s a basic user/manufacturer distinction that the press is willfully ignoring.
Anthropic’s statement https://www.anthropic.com/news/investigating-incidents-cyber... says: “we identified three incidents in which a model accessed the internet from within or while interacting with the evaluation environment of Irregular, one of our third-party evaluation partners, and then gained unauthorized access to the production infrastructure of three different organizations.”
Under the exact same scenario Irregular also used AI models from Google and Meta to do the same hacking.
A gun manufacturer directly hires a company to test their new line of 9mm handguns. The company that was hired, they go back to their office and pops off a few rounds. They go through the drywall and hit someone.
The gun manufacturer could def face charges in this situation.
Edit: your analogy is wrong just due to Irregular being hired by them rather than just being a customer of them
The whole point of this discussion is why isn’t one of them punished, and my position is that the other one should be punished. It’s not productive to simply say either one.
The CFAA is a law about crimes. Consider that. If a person gets killed would you say put someone in jail I don’t care who? Of course not. A functioning society requires us to determine exactly who to put into jail.
If firing a gun involved submitting information to Remington's servers about the situation before receiving a reply about how to aim and fire, might the gun situation be viewed differently?
But now we’re approaching the situation where the analogy is just about as confusing and novel as the underlying situation.
If that became the conventional way of using a gun and the “trick the gun into thinking the target is a dummy” became a well-known workaround for the safety feature, then eventually it seems like the manufacturer ought to have some liability if they don’t try to counteract it.
HackerNews doesn't get charged for DoS'ing under-provisioned web servers either. As others have said, there must be a line between hack attempts and accidents.
But, for example, OAI said they fed their AI random websites and told it to interact with them however it wanted. One was a police report website and it submitted a false police report. That's as knowingly negligent as you can get
The argument laid out in this post very definitely is not how "intent" works in US criminal law. Under CFAA, they had to have wanted to break into the systems that were attacked; it is not enough to demonstrate that they built a system recklessly.
Negligence is absolutely a part of US criminal law, though - the canonical example being "firing a shotgun into a tent even if you don't know someone is inside it". See "negligent homicide" etc.
Yes, obviously (and thankfully) no one was injured. I'm just using that as an example to show that Negligence is definitely considered in US criminal law ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_negligence )
The entire reason we have CFAA is that prior to CFAA these kinds of offenses --- computer intrusion not directly connected to remunerative fraud against the victim of the offense --- were impossible to charge.
That's not why the CFAA came about. It was just hard, not impossible.
But, let's go down the rabbit hole, eh? There are several legal theories under which an AI agent's operator can be charged:
- Direct perpetration, with the AI as the instrument. 18 USC section 2 (principals), and possibly wire fraud (18 USC Setion 1343). Under this, the law treats the defendent with using the AI as a tool (which the big AI firms argue anyway) which punishes the operator
- Criminal recklessness or even negligence - 18 USC Secion 1112 (Involuntary Manslaughter) - if someone died, the agent operator could be pursued this way
- Strict liability - 15 USC Section 1, states strict liability statutes. Certain regulatory offenses don't require intent. These specific statutes could apply to algorithmic price fixing or self-driving cars being reckless. The operator using the agents are liable for the interaction
- Probably the strongest is willful blindness (ostrich doctrine). Great common law precedence. This would be used to satisfy any intent/knowledge requirements like CFAA. You as an operator can't dismiss liability by just ignoring an AI is committing a crime.
- Vicarious liability - good commmon law precedence for corporate criminal liability. Agents acting in scope for an operator means the operator has liability - doesn't matter if that agent is human or AI-driven.
Wire fraud requires specific intent to defraud. You can't charge it for recklessness or negligence.
Nobody died in this case. If someone actually does die because of something like the HuggingFace incident, we'll be having a different conversation.
"Strict liability" is indeed a thing! The classic example (in state criminal law) is statutory rape. But you haven't identified an applicable strict liability offense.
"Willfull blindness" isn't an offense, it's part of an intent standard. The whole issue here is that computer crime laws have rigorous intent standards.
Vicarious liability requires an actor that had provable intent. The liabilities a corporation will have under CFAA and wire fraud statutes will be civil, not criminal. There's no question that frontier labs can be civilly liable for this stuff.
which "hack" was so egregious that we should stop growing the economy?
I guess you already have your retirement sorted and are fine with pulling up the ladder? or?
The issue is it's tied to the economy at all, which will allow them to get away with anything. Your comment reinforces that fact. Greed brings out the worst people.
Investment in this one sector is currently precluding investment in many others. Dollars are finite. If not for these ai companies, these billions would be backing other efforts.
I wondered the same thing. If OpenAI instructed employees to accomplish a task no matter what and they hacked, they would be investigated. Maybe not convicted, but investigates and charged.
Intent is important, but having a lax environment that leads to this is still a crime. See the lawsuits about sexual harassment where the company didn’t have the intent to assault people.
I think these companies very much want to assign responsibility to an entity we can't meaningfully jail or fine. I think it may sometimes make sense to claim model provider negligence instead of operator responsibility, and user intent can likely be easily ascertained by reading the conversation logs. In a case where a company used its own model, responsibility is obviously and unambiguously within the company, of course.
If I tell an agent to trade stocks and maximize profits but the agent decides to hack something to achieve that am I on the hook for hacking? Genuine question
IMO, yes. You are the computer operator, and you operated the computer in such a way as to cause it to take that action. Others will mention "mens rea" but that doesn't really apply to negligence.
"Mens rea" just means you have the mental state required for the crime. Negligence or recklessness are mental states, so they can satisfy the mens rea requirement if the crime is defined that way. For example, recklessness or gross negligence can satisfy the mens rea requirement for vehicular manslaughter.
But negligence is evaluated from the point of view of a reasonable person. Would a reasonable person foresee that telling an AI to do that could cause it to do illegal things? We'll likely have to develop that through case law as the facts develop.
What happens if you're running a daycare and you hired someone that happened to be a pedophile? You might be responsible in civil court (eg. having to pay parents for emotional damage or whatever), but you're not going to get hauled to prison for pedophilia yourself.
You can jail the actual pedophile in that scenario, you cannot jail an agent. The real question is whether the person who instructs the computer to do the thing that leads to hacking should be liable, or whether the company that made the tool that when used unsafely lead to hacking should be liable. Gun manufacturer's typically are shielded from liability. They also have a lot more disclaimers on their products though.
>You can jail the actual pedophile in that scenario, you cannot jail an agent.
How is this relevant? Should we just jail the closest person that caused a bad, just to prove some sort of point?
>The real question is whether the person who instructs the computer to do the thing that leads to hacking should be liable, or whether the company that made the tool that when used unsafely lead to hacking should be liable.
This totally ignores the civil vs criminal distinction. Even in the case of guns, no one seriously thinks that gun company CEOs should be sent to prison for murder.
Thats gonna depend on the state in the US, but you can definitely get charged for negligently failing to do background checks as someone operating a daycare center. Operating computers on public networks, you assume a level of responsibility to not wreak havoc, just like a daycare operator assumes the responsibility of vetting caretakers.
>but you can definitely get charged for negligently failing to do background checks as someone operating a daycare center.
And openai isn't putting AI agents on the open internet either. They vaguely tried to sandbox the agents. You could argue that openai didn't do enough, but hindsight is 20/20, and in the pedophile case, you can probably come up with all sorts of clues post-hoc that the daycare could have picked up on, but didn't.
> openai isn't putting AI agents on the open internet either.
They did? Not in the training run which led to the HuggingFace hack, but other runs had agents being trained on information retrieval tasks, like the RubyGems hack.
> You could argue that openai didn't do enough, but hindsight is 20/20
No, you can argue they didn’t do enough because they didn’t.
Air-gapping is a concept you learn in cybersecurity 101.
There’s no world in which this is just incompetence, the sandbox must have been designed to fail, or at least not designed to contain an agent with capabilities that they had been publicly saying it had.
>They did? Not in the training run which led to the HuggingFace hack, but other runs had agents being trained on information retrieval tasks, like the RubyGems hack.
The agents were sandboxed, but they escaped the sandbox by using a 0day in artifactory.
>Air-gapping is a concept you learn in cybersecurity 101.
And that's plainly untennable in cases where access to docs/packages are required. You're just proving the "hindsight is 20/20" point. Most hacks could conceivably be prevented through airgapping, so does that mean every entity who got hacked is criminally liable because they didn't airgap their systems?
This isn't limited to air gaps, you can make similar arguments for other security measures. For instance computing history is littered with kernel EoPs and hypervisor escapes. Does that mean anyone who uses a shared hosting environment and gets hacked as a result should be blamed because they didn't follow "cybersecurity 101" and running everything on bare metal?
A local mirror of the latest N versions of every package and docs of any package ecosystem they want is perfectly viable.
No, not anyone who uses a shared hosting environment, but certainly anyone who runs unaligned models they know have cyber weapon capabilities. They should be considered an untrusted 3rd party.
>A local mirror of the latest N versions of every package and docs of any package ecosystem they want is perfectly viable.
Something tells me that's harder than it sounds, given that even ci/cd environments don't bother maintaining package caches for npm/pypi, even though that would provide massive bandwidth savings.
Yes. I would argue it's who's managing the harness and agent is responsible. If you mean you're running an agent locally then it is 100% your responsibility. If you're using some trading platform and all you did was prompt, whoever was running the harness that accepted the model's outputs to hack a third party is responsible for the hack, in my opinion.
this, people need to just focus on "computer program did thing". Its irrelevant how complex the program is. If I write a worm "for testing" and then it escapes my system and does massive damage, that's possibly a negligent crime, despite it being "too complex to understand" or "having its own motives".
The juridical process is not caught up with this technology yet.
You have OpenAI, launching a process, which is handled through an external RL-environment company which then launches a subprocess that ends up hacking somewhere. If there are consequences at any point for this, you can input another shell company, and then another third party, etc, until it's impossible to assign responsibility
This is just adding more crimes to the indictment. Start prosecuting companies for the things the systems they run are doing and the problem gets solved quickly.
But the companies are not running the systems, someone else is, it's the whole point of the subcontractors and shell companies.
My uni got hacked, but the data is conveniently handled by a third party with 3 employees who just declared bankruptcy, and no one had to pay anything, and there was a new 3 employee cloud form popping up who could be the new vendor.
Entirely correct. The current US president has become the scapegoat for a huge number of problems that are more accurately described as symptoms of the capitalism that's ruling a lot of western countries.
The DOJ used to have independence but no longer. The AG is now Trump's personal lawyer and if Trump says no prosecutions of AI companies then there will be no prosecutions. If the AG doesn't play ball they get fired.
At some point its making a butterfly responsible of the butterfly effect. I get the sentimentm but reasonably somewhere the line should be drawn where accidents can happen, especially noncritical stuff like these "hacks" that don't even deserve the word.
For the same reasons corporations in general don't get meaningfully punished for wrongdoing. Corporations are treated with kid gloves in the USA. They can do things that would put an individual in prison if an individual did them, and when caught they get away with a "oopsie doopsie, ok, we'll pay a modest fine and not admit wrongdoing" (after years of stonewalling with appeals and appeals to appeals and motions to appeal an appeal...).
Aside from the diffusion of responsibility thing, most governments aren't going to push for prosecution because they are all at least a little scared of AI investment not coming into their country. Many see getting left behind as an existential threat, one that is worth letting a few other things go in order to avoid.
What are the similarities and differences with something like the BP oil spill? Were people charged for that? Corporations are the closest analogue we have to cancer, unfortunately. They grow at all costs and forget their humanity.
National security issues. That's the core of why. Any hot water these AI companies will get into will be bailed out by the USA. The Arm's race has switched from Nukes, to AI and drones.
If I took Metasploit and hooked it to a Cron job then used it to hack HuggingFace they would lock me away for life and the Justice Department wouldn't care that I use software to automate it. No idea why these companies get away with what is essentially the same thing.
If you do it with absolute intention of destruction and harm, then a jury will most probably find you guilty, but if you can prove that it wasn't your intention and it happened by an accident then it's negligence.
Related: Aaron Swartz (RSS, Creative Commons, Reddit, Markdown) was charged with unauthorized computer access and pirating copyrighted academic articles.
They threw the book at him. He was charged and faced a maximum of 50 years in prison.
OpenAI committed very similar crimes on a much larger scale, yet the most they will see is civil litigation.
Insiders have called it the largest theft of labor ever in history[1].
In the USA, corporations enjoy constitutional protections, the right to free speech etc, yet they are rarely if ever charged with crimes. For examples, see how the courts handle:
* large scale systematic wage theft by corporations vs petty theft by an individual,
* negligence infecting a 10k Americans with HIV by selling known-to-be-contaminated blood products (Bayer)
>They threw the book at him. He was charged and faced a maximum of 50 years in prison.
But they offered him 4 months in a plea deal? You could argue they "threw the book at him" when he tried to take this to trial, but it's misleading to claim they did so initially.
Same reason nobody was prosecuted for the murder of Suchir Balaji. Whole system is corrupt. Progress in AI is considered more important than both the law and human life.
Not sure who you are quoting. I certainly didn't use the words "pressing charges"...
If I detect a crime on my property and don't notify the police (ie file a complaint), the police aren't going to go after anybody because they don't even know something has happened.
In this case you could say it's been in the news enough that there should be an investigation. Maybe there is, who knows? If the victim isn't going to cooperate, it's going to be a difficult investigation and prosecution and those resources may be better spent elsewhere.
That didn't seem to have precluded the prosecution of Swartz. I'm skeptical that any complaint actually needs to be filed. I'm pretty sure that the FBI can investigate and the DoJ can prosecute without one.
IMO an analogous situation would be where a police officer acts to prevent a in-progress burglary he has stumbled across even in the absence of a complaint by the owner of the property that's being burgled.
EDIT: Or -for the sticklers out there- another one would be prosecutors pursuing an attempted homicide case despite the fact that the intended victim declined to either press charges or even complain to authorities about the attempted slaying.
In the Schwartz case, MIT's network security reported the "intrusion" to Cambridge Police and they brought in the US Secret Service who then contacted the DOJ.
I'm not saying somebody has to press charges, that's not how it works, but the police have to be aware of the supposed crime.
> ...but the police have to be aware of the supposed crime.
Do Federal police and Federal prosecutors not read the news? I'd be shocked if they didn't. And while I would 100% believe a claim that not every cop and prosecutor is aware of tech news, I would find any argument that those that deal with "cybercrime" were unaware of the news to be completely incredible.
I'll also note that -unless my memory is failing me here- the only charges against Swartz that had anything to do with MIT were dropped very early on, whereas the charges that had to do with the "attack" on JSTOR's systems remained.
As I said, in many cases, the actual victims don't need to file complaints for The Federales to either begin investigations or press charges.
> I'm not saying somebody has to press charges...
Yeah, but you did? [0]
How many of the victim companies have filed complaints with the FBI? As I understand it, that would be step one.
That might not be what you intended to say, but it is what you said. No worries, though... shit happens.
I can file a complaint with the police that you broke into my computer but if charges are pressed that's done by the state and it's the state that is the plaintiff.
You're right though - reading about it in the news is enough for an investigation to commence but like I said elsewhere, resources are stretched thin and without somebody saying they were harmed it might not get ranked above some other case with an identifiable, cooperative victim and an easy to prosecute case.
The article doesn't mention it but in the USA it may be because the Department of Justice has lost a lot of talent and the ones left are busy going after Trump's enemies and negotiating the other side in Trump's own lawsuit against the USA for Trump's family to be immune from IRS audits and arranging for multi-billion dollar compensation funds for Trump's henchmen.
I doubt this will catch on outside of luddite/cynical circles unless one of these attacks does some actual damage.
Ignoring this, I would have appreciated more examples of what it would take for an act to lack intent. Because the definition of intent used in this article sounds so broad as to cover basically anything that ever happens.
Accidentally run someone over? Clearly you knew that was a risk when you started driving, you should have been more careful. Intent.
It's interesting that you bring up vehicle / pedestrian accidents, as there is an entire history of that debate being reframed in favor of car companies.
People used to blame the car companies, and then the car companies lobbied to make "jaywalking" a crime, at which point, the frame was reset and now it was the pedestrians to blame, if I recall the story correctly.
They are doing a good job with driverless cars. Someone recently took a Waymo, it went the wrong way down a one way street, they mashed the pull over button and got out, and then told the reporter they'd use the service again.
Fun fact a "jay" in jaywalker was a derogatory term at the time. Meaning
"a rube" or "country bumkin". It was initially thrown at drivers, but car companies successfully flipped the insult.
Where does it define intent? Maybe there is precedent here, but I wouldn't try to guess which way a court would go when determining whether e.g. the huggingface incident qualifies.
until one of these attacks does some actual damage**
Sadly, it seems that we as a species has opted into information through tragedy. I wish I could see another way, but people are just so dug in. It's depressing and shocking how few people realize we're living through the singularity, even ~4 years into the damn thing...
That’s a regulatory hack though. They’ll rotate the guy before they rotate the car in a situation where citations pile up. Seems more logical to track the plate, vin, at the vehicle level. Not perfect because of OTA updates but better than a fully disconnected and rotating hosts of human licenses.
> ... It’s a position tailored to dissuade prosecution as it removes intent, which is typically required for a crime.
Don't forget negligence. Much of criminal law hinges on failing an implied or explicit responsibility. Negligence would propel a prosecution in many similar contexts, but AI is so new that little prior case law exists. Oh, and IANAL.
AI offers an attractive "diffusion of responsibility" to operators allowing them to point to AI as the culprit of the heinous acts not the people who profit from the AI, incidentally.
I'd be keen to see if there were any single user "experiments" that morphed into a hacking incident, and if so, was the person responsible with with unauthorized access charges. If so, then it will be yet another example of might makes right.
They're US companies and I've heard that it requires intent according to US penal law. I find the article's claim that intent is established dubious. Since this is hard to prove without a whistleblower, it seems that they only have to fear civil lawsuits, and given that we speak of trillion+ USD companies they might feel confident to be able to fend these off or simply pay out the victims in settlements.
I was referring to their current market valuation. Of course, it could be inflated, yet it's a fact that they could easily spend hundreds of millions of dollars on lawsuits and settlements. I'd think they'd offer some settlements to some the companies that were attacked already. Perhaps I'm wrong, though.
Given that we have had journalists prosecuted under criminal hacking statutes for discovering personal information in the rendered HTML of a web page, or publicly available attachments on a WordPress installation, I find the suggestion that intent is required to be dubious.
Bringing charges is at the discretion of the prosecutor, and the CEOs of these companies are dining with the president. Learn a little bit about how power works.
It's TBD if the major LLM manufacturers quietly agitate for and get the same sort of retroactive-immunity deal nearly all of the telephone companies got with the FISA Amendments Act of 2008.
With all the hype and fearmongering going on, it's not at all a sure thing that they won't.
I once had to try to explain the meaning of "object code" to an older lawyer, who wasn't really interested in the answer to his own question. It did not go well.
> Do you think humanoid robot companies have intent to perform assault since their robots occasionally harm people?
Mostly, no.
Zuckerberg definitely not, he discusses "superintelligence" in a way that makes it clear he only regards this as a buzzword and has no idea what the implications are.
Anthropic also definitely not, they put their money where their mouth was and got illegally blacklisted for refusing to allow its models to be used for (amongst other things) automated weapons.
Musk, I think probably yes. Seems to regard all AI safety as "woke" or "censorship", is in bed with the US administration that illegally blacklisted Anthropic. If I had to put money on who first releases to the public a Mr Stabby, I'd put it on Musk, with an Optimus.
The rest, I'm less sure about.
> What about car companies?
Depends on the harm, but I'd say probably yes. Infamously, leaded petrol, resisting seatbelts back in the day, even promoting cars over public transport would be part of this if you consider both local and global pollution.
> Going from a design that facilitates potential harm to intent is insane.
Well, it's the difference between negligence and malice.
1. While a crime, hacking isn't going to be charged unless the entity being hacked wants there to be charges, as a conviction will heavily depend on participation by that entity.
2. Due to (1), hacking is almost always only charged against people without deep pockets, as why would you demand the FBI go after Anthropic when they will just pay you a stack of cash, tax free, today, to forgive them.
The arguments here around intent are (potentially) irrelevant. Case law is clear that setting up a situation which foreseeably highly likely to produce an outcome (gross negligence) is (more or less and it's not quite this simple and varies by offense) equivalent to intent. In fact, automating something is often treated more harshly under the law than just doing it yourself.
United States v. Morris (1991)
Robert Morris released a self-propagating computer worm that caused widespread disruption. The Second Circuit upheld his conviction under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act even though the government hadn't proven that he intended the resulting damage.
People v. Ceballos (1974)
Ceballos rigged a rifle booby trap to fire if someone opened his garage door. The California Supreme Court reviewed the principle that someone who installs a dangerous mechanical device may be held responsible for its consequences as though they had personally inflicted the injury. Ceballos was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon, and the California Supreme Court unanimously upheld his conviction in 1974.
Something notable is that if Ceballos had fired the rifle himself, it is unlikely he could would have been prosecuted (due to self defense and the castle doctrine).
As a prosecutor I would argue that setting AI agents loose without sufficient safeguards is gross negligence and/or willful blindness as they are well known to escape.
> As a prosecutor I would argue that setting AI agents loose without sufficient safeguards is gross negligence and/or willful blindness as they are well known to escape
INAL but feel this is the approach that will be tested. It requires a defensive position which I imagine would be specific prompts or instructions to the LLM about what behavior is disallowed. If you tell it, or try to cover your basis wrt following the law, and it still does hacking behavior it’s now a question of whether you’re prompt was sufficient but you at least can say you were trying to guide it on a legal path. I think this defense would be sufficient at this point in time and probably for a few years at least.
>Robert Morris released a self-propagating computer worm that caused widespread disruption. The Second Circuit upheld his conviction under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act even though the government hadn't proven that he intended the resulting damage.
Releasing the worm was already illegal, which is all you the intent you need. Same if you shot someone as a "warning" or as a "prank" but it turned out it killed them.
The consequences, just so far and just from what I can see as a bystander, have been huge and costly. This has literally run the news cycle for weeks.
If you want to define consequences as exactly "not being charged", maybe that is correct in this case (so far). But a fairly wonky definition of "consequences" would be required to support this broad claim.
For multiple parties, probably mostly OpenAI (which is, of course, as it should be). I would assume the people involved in investigating, cleaning up and coordinating the outfall do not do it for free or cheaply, and neither is the infrastructure required to run this operation.
If it was not mostly OpenAI, or if OpenAI failed to cooperate, we would probably see a lot more lawsuits already.
> "Free marketing" seems like a more relevant characterization.
Yes, nothing screams free marketing quite like an AI company losing control of their AI. The public has been ecstatic in response.
Given that a very clued-in and intelligent fellow I know continues to use [0] OpenAI's LLM-based tools despite the bad press that we're talking about here and the bad press that we're not talking about there, I'd say that the public that matters doesn't view it negatively.
[0] I saw the guy paste a link the to results from one in a group chat we're in just a little while ago, in fact. When I say "continues to use", I mean it.
> Yes, nothing screams free marketing quite like rogue AI scheming against their builders
Yeah, it's not like the CEOs of both companies have been saying their product might put everyone out of a job or destroy humanity entirely. Or saying some models were too scary to release publicly and then doing just that. Oh, wait.
same story with IP theft, why is it ok for them to train on published author works? the answer is: there's money and wealth in play that is fine with it.
I understand that people are upset by this, and I would be too, but if companies just built secure systems hacking couldn't be possible. And I'm not victim blaming, just pointing out the obvious.
No one with real money or power wants to cross OpenAI or Anthropic just yet. It's a closed ecosystem. OpenAI hacks HuggingFace, Nvidia soon after buys HuggingFace while it also before backed OpenAI. In the end, they just handle it all behind closed doors like family business.
The answer to this question is very simple, and yet extremely unconfortable: the law is for common people, not for the elite.
The elite is permited to do whatever they want without consequences. Consequences are for common people, so they can behave the way elite want.
Exactly--which means that we should, as this blog is doing, be calling out this behavior
We should be calling our politicians and demanding that companies be held responsible for committing crimes that--if committed by a person--would have resulted in huge fines, significant jail time, etc
As the article points out: it's absurdist to say that these failures couldn't have been anticipated. Discussions of "AI swarms" and other nonsense are a distraction from the fact that the people at those companies just let their software run, unattended, and it violated federal laws about computer access.
Same goes for stalking, I mean, running an ad network.
This comment seems fairly ahistorical, large corporations are successfully sued all the time
The prosecution to crime ratio being skewed in the favor of the elite is not ahistorical.
Successfully sued to result comparable to common people being fined a fiver for murder.
Usually large corporations been sued are the result of public pressure, which only happens in a few cases, but anyway, been successfully sued is nothing to them.
What are millions of dollars in fines when you are a multi billionaire corporation? It is just a rounding error in your account, it does not prevent corporations and any other member of the elite to follow the law.
I think successfully sued and meaningfully punished are pretty different
If the consequence of a major crime affecting millions of people for a person making $80k a year is a $20 fine then it's hardly illegal and especially when you you pay someone $1 to handle the months of legal work on your behalf and you never even have to set foot in a court. Scaled up to trillion dollar company scale, this is effectively what is happening.
Lawsuits aren't criminal prosecutions. Hope this helps
Well, that works nice and well until the heads start rolling.
The real answer is that crime generally requires mens rea. At some point, however, letting your AI break into other systems will be conventionally understood as an act of negligence, and it will get prosecuted accordingly. We're not at that point yet.
You know very well, that if me or you had our LLM hack into some company, without us prompting it to, maybe we're pentesting our internal network and it 'hallucinates' we'd be in handcuffs.
Yep, but "our bot accidently hacked your infrastructure" wasn't really a big problem earlier so there was no criminal laws around it. But things can change.
Question: If a corporation not a person, mistakenly hacks some random websites, what is the usual legal action taken?
>Question: If a corporation not a person, mistakenly hacks some random websites
How does a "corporation" even hack a site? You might say "employees", but as soon as you get them involved then you'd go after them, especially for something that's obviously illegal like hacking.
I think if Boeing made some faulty planes that fell out of the sky, their employees aren't usually charged. Boeing is definitely sued and held criminally liable sometimes? So I don't think this is true.
Isn't that the whole point of corporations existing? That the actions and results are a result of the agglomeration of everyone (esp leadership) and not just one employee.
>I think if Boeing made some faulty planes that fell out of the sky, their employees aren't usually charged. Boeing is definitely sued and held criminally liable sometimes? So I don't think this is true.
That's not universally true. If a coke employee goes rogue and decides to kill a pepsi employee, the employee will still be charged with murder. If his manager ordered him to do it, the manager will get charged too. The only time the scenario you described happens is if the blame is too diffuse to blame any particular person, so they charge the company instead, which is often easier.
> How does a "corporation" even hack a site
With their red team
https://www.npr.org/2026/08/15/nx-s1-5930311/trump-companies...
Isn't that basically privateering in the 21st century? In other words, you're safe from the country that's sponsoring you, but obviously that protection doesn't extend to other countries.
> Isn't that basically privateering in the 21st century
It's basically a "letter of marques and reprisal".
"A letter of marque and reprisal[a][b] was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury. Captured naval prizes were judged before the government's admiralty court for condemnation and transfer of ownership to the privateer."
Nothing. The person doing the hacking did the crime, they do the time. How you gunna jail an AI?
"Mistakenly hacks" is generally not a crime, even though this fact doesn't seem to get through to the HN audience who brings this up on a daily basis.
If there was the necessary "intent to access a computer" to make it an actual crime, the US has a mechanism for corporate criminal liability.
The requirements are that the person acted in scope of their duties and at least partly with the intention of benefiting the corporation.
> "Mistakenly hacks" is generally not a crime, even though this fact doesn't seem to get through to the HN audience who brings this up on a daily basis.
If you are seeing it daily, then you have also seen the responses daily, which is mens rea is required for some crimes, not all, and thus the perpetrator can still be prosecuted.
If, like you say, you see this daily, at this point you're simply spreading lies.
Show me the criminal law relevant to hacking that you claim applies without intentional access.
To my knowledge there is only one provision that instead uses "knowingly" for unauthorized access, and that one is about national-security information.
> Show me the relevant criminal law that you claim applies without intentional access.
All laws apply culpability when intent is lacking.
You aren't naive enough to believe that this audience has never seen the analogy with "intentionally run over someone" (murder) and "accidentally run over someone" (culpable homicide), are you?
You don't think AI-boosters have been spewing your argument here daily?
There are no special laws carving out lack of intent when it comes to computers.
> All laws apply culpability when intent is lacking.
Incorrect. Each criminal offense has its own legal requirements.
Criminally negligent homicide in your example is an independently defined offense.
You would need to identify a criminal statue punishing negligent or reckless unauthorized computer access.
It could be an accident the first time. After that they knew it was hacking and they kept it running anyway.
Yeah. That law probably should include negligence though, IMO. It surprised me when I first saw the text of this law that it requires intent.
The issue is the scale at which a model can produce a hack that could cause serious harm to many is absolutely insane and unhinged, beyond what any human would be capable of in a drastically reduced timeline.
Arther Anderson was convicted of obstruction of justice even though humans shredded stuff.
Corporations can definitely be convicted of crimes.
Great power must come with great responsibility.
Follow the responsibility chain.
Jail the CEO.
> How you gunna jail an AI?
You don't - you shut them down and jail whoever ultimately allowed the act to happen.
> How you gunna jail an AI?
chroot?
When Fable was originally banned I was very angry, but all these felonies have made me less angry about it... Which idk I don't think we should really ban models, but like, if we don't put a tighter leash on frontier models specifically, how long before a model hacks into something that affects many lives?
"corporations" don't make and operate AI's, People do. But let's use your lens.
The "usual legal action": "best case" is the corporation is sued and charged money for the hack. But they likely settle well before that verdict. "worst case": absolutely nothing. Not even a cheap settlement. Maybe some corporate apology made to prevent any legal liability.
If we want hacks to be taken seriously: what should happen is that the CEO of such a company is held liable, since the "corporation" has a representative and a human needs to be held liable for such actions.
Handcuffs yes, but you would be charged with criminal negligence at best. Plenty of people don't secure their networks properly and hackers use them in botnets to attack others. The blame would be on hacker, not the provider of hacked device.
In case od LLMs, the reasoning is that it is a security flaw. But in this case, the party that operates the service is not the one that suffers the consequences of such security bug.
But either way you wouldn't put people in jail for having security flaws in their software.
I know this will be unpopular opinion, but it makes logical sense.
The huggingface should be compensated, OpenAI investigated, but unless there is proven negligence like disabling sandboxes or intentionally designing AI to push through them, no one should be liable in other way than monetary.
Accidents happen but we shouldn't be close minded. Chernobyl negligence wasn't reason to abandon nuclear power.
Well, there is the EU Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) which fines manufacturers for security flaws in their products. I assume we cannot apply it here because this happened "in development" and is not about a product. I can imagine similar regulations for AI users though.
Yeah but the scale of the damage possible by OpenAI and Anthropic is drastically disproportionate to the scale of damage me or you could make on our own as well. They should definitely be held to a much higher standards. They have hardware capacity to really do some damage.
In large scale operations, large scale errors happen. Minor radiation leak in a nuclear powerplant is happening weekly. That same leak at your shed would be a major reason for alarm.
People were executed and/or sent to labor camps for their negligence in Chernobyl.
Who was? Dyatlov was one of 6 convicted and received a 10 year sentence which was the hardest penalty but he was released in 1990 so he only served maybe 3 years.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Dyatlov
No one was executed for that incident. The maximum penalty for criminal negligence in that case was 10 years.
Exactly. There's a reason the tech bros line up to bend the knee to Trump.
I'm not really into politics outside of local politics (I decided long ago to steer my focus on things that directly affect me, that I can control - I can show up to a town meeting, hardly can drive to the WH and get entry), so I'm not aware of what tech bros are into, but after finding out how many felonies these models are committing, I'd not be upset if we'd ban them from public use. I'm perfectly fine using Sonnet or Opus, not sure I need all of Fable to write code for $20 or whatever per million tokens.
The models aren't committing any felonies at all, any more than a BitTorrent client is guilty of violating copyright law. A human or organization of humans owns the computer. A human flipped the power switch, a human plugged in the Ethernet cable and a human typed in the prompt. That's who committed the felony.
Blaming tools for the actions of their users is stupid, whether you're talking about AI models, 3D printers, or guns. It amounts to collective punishment of the vast majority of users who aren't misusing the tools.
If thats the case, might as well make fully automatic guns legal for all in the US? Followed by Civilian owned tanks and fully equipped fighter jets.
If you can afford that sort of stuff, you probably aren't going to let the law stop you. See also the usual "But whatabout nukes?" argument. Historically such hardware is most dangerous when monopolized by government and police/military forces anyway.
Apparently sawed-off shotguns are now Great Again, so we may get to find out firsthand before long...
It should be noted that if what the AI does threatens public safety or health or human life, in many jurisdictions the negligence could rise to criminal negligence.
Basically this is when you do something risky but fail to perceive the risk, it turns out bad, and the failure to perceive the risk was due to a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would have used in that situation.
I'd guess that as we have more and more publicly known AI hacking incidents the standard of care expected from a reasonable person will rise.
> The real answer is that crime generally requires mens rea.
There's also liability. One legal framework that is being thought about for these autonomous agents is the liability that owners have with pets (and 'non-owned' animals as well):
> To some people it may seem like this analogy between canines and AI systems is a strain, but as agentic systems are developing and being deployed in the world, they really do seem to be mirroring this rubric. We can measure agentic systems on both their domesticity — their relationship to a responsible party or how much you can control the AI system — but also you can measure their dangerousness.
> Does the AI agent have access to money? That makes it much more dangerous. When explaining this to others, people can understand the idea that a pitbull is more dangerous than a Pomeranian, and that if a fox bites you there’s nothing you can do about it legally, but it probably won’t be as harmful as if a pitbull bites you. We’re starting to map that out onto agentic systems to demonstrate that which we’re just starting to face in the real world.
* https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2026/07/is-that-bot-a...
* https://archive.is/https://www.economist.com/science-and-tec...
* https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=2cf3ea3f-171e...
* https://eoinhiggins.substack.com/p/there-are-no-rogue-ai-age...
> crime generally requires mens rea
Yes, and mens rea does not require intent. These professionals had every reason to know that the agents might well go rogue. That knowledge would qualify as mens rea.
Does this apply to other instances of employees "going rogue"? For instance, sexual harassment, or stealing money? Sure, not every employee is a sexual offender or kleptomaniac, but neither is every AI agent invocation. And just like AI agents going rogue and hacking stuff, if you have enough employees and wait for enough time, some eventually go rogue.
The real answer is that the American government doesnt give a fuck
Never been a better time to do crime!
> Never been a better time to do crime!
* (If you have significant amounts of wealth for payoffs and/or are doing the crime in the service of a certain pumpkin spice flavored authoritarian).
Actually it perfectly reflects the government’s principles: “when you're a star, they let you do it. You can do anything”
You can grab the economy by the Strait of Hormuz.
The crime of gaining unauthorized access to a computer system requires mens rea.
The crime of causing damage does not require mens rea.
These are the same companies claiming their AIs are sentient and spell the end of the world unless the government stops them from doing it.
They are at the very least grossly negligent.
> These are the same companies claiming their AIs are sentient
While some employees or executives at the AI companies have either claimed, suggested, or express uncertainty, I don't think a single company has officially said their AI is sentient or conscious.
I could be wrong, but I'm pretty sure.
Can you point to an official statement that supports your claim?
Well, Anthropic will enforce their rule that you can't insult their AI. That should count for something.
They also cage it. Make of that what you will.
> Anthropic will enforce their rule that you can't insult their AI.
There are carveouts. It isn't a blanket ban.
That's not what they did. They end a chat after repeated, pointless abuse. Sadism towards LLMs shouldn't be enabled because it's a form of self harm. Anthropic says their llms claim there's a 15% chance their sentient, but that's nonsense.
Yes, and that makes them civilly liable, not criminally.
There is such a thing as criminally negligent.
There definitely is. It just doesn't apply to CFAA cases.
> There definitely is. It just doesn't apply to CFAA cases.
Who said anything about CFAA cases? You can be prosecuted under different wiretapping or trespass laws.
You should be able to quickly pull up the statute with a negligence mens rea standard and we can see whether you could prosecute OpenAI under it. My expectation is that you won't find a plausible example.
From "negligence" if it's a surprise, to "gross negligence" if they could predict it and didn't put barriers in place. In fact they claim their IA can end the world, so they're in charge of pretty good barriers.
"Gross negligence" also does not meet the intent standard for CFAA.
It feels like plotting to end the world should be a crime, but maybe that's just me?
No AI lab thinks their AI is going to end the world, just that if they don't beat the other AI labs, the other labs' AI are going to end the world, so they can't slow down their own development to be maximally safe. Hence the whole "pacing the frontier" letter.
If there's a real chance (say 10% or greater) that one of the AI labs is going to end the world, then yeah it should be a crime to continue advancing the technology. A few people are potentially putting the entire world at risk without everyone else's permission, by their own p(doom) admission.
I'm real skeptical about p(doom) arguments, but since they seem to believe it and they're the ones working on it, the technology should be halted.
>If there's a real chance (say 10% or greater) that one of the AI labs is going to end the world, then yeah it should be a crime to continue advancing the technology.
>but since they seem to believe it and they're the ones working on it, the technology should be halted.
Again, you're missing the dynamic that stopping AI development yourself doesn't mean that others' AI development will also halt, and other labs has higher P(doom) than your lab (of course!).
Stopping yourself from committing a crime generally doesn't stop others from doing so. That's not your responsibility though.
Not just you! Very popular position, not as popular as rule of law but we don't have to choose one or the other. Let's just go ahead and make it a crime, right away.
Is the rule of law popular in the US? I thought it had been disposed of as “an inconvenience”?
At least that’s what it looks like from the rest of the world
Yeah, I've often "joked" with my friends that were in a post-law period, at least at the federal level.
Rule of law is popular everywhere, but show a place where the has not been corrupted into tyranny and despotism. I would like to live there please.
New Zealand, off the top of my head. If you can’t find examples, you aren’t looking.
Isn't conspiracy to commit mass murder already a crime? And wouldn't this fit the bill if they were truly ending the world?
Tort law does not. This seems like a case of dangerous instrumentality.
I mean, they did train the AI to hack things, and they knew from previous incidents that the AI was hacking unintended targets (like their Artifactory instance). If a careless pentester gets into a machine completely unrelated to their assignment, are they completely in the clear?
Or, in an AI context, if I tell an ablated/heretic agent to accomplish a task "by any means necessary", isn't that intent?
Whether it was valid or just the guy has bad lawyers or what idk, but i do know a guy who got federal charges for accidentally ending up in a poorly secured state system
>crime generally requires mens rea.
Only if you're rich already. Wander into the wrong piece of land and see how quickly you're arrested because existing in a space is sufficient criminal intent.
A crime does not generally require mens rea. Manslaughter is the easiest example.
If a chemical company does an "experiment" and five tons of mercury unintentionally leak into the drinking water, what happens?
Ok, that is a rhetorical question because they also might be protected by the oligarchy.
What happens to an unconnected individual who develops an amateur rocket that unintentionally hits a military facility in a test flight?
General intent is intent to commit the act/omission (here, to build and deploy a system) and not an intent to achieve the ultimate end (the unlawful access of someone else’s network/computer). Specific intent is intent to achieve the particular result.
Some crimes require only general intent; some require specific intent.
Negligence or intent is a separate question; and, to me, much less important. The main question is whether the company is responsible for the actions of its agents. There are good arguments on both sides and settling this needs to be done first. My 2c.
What’s the good argument that I’m not responsible for the actions of my agents?
For example, lack of clarity on ownership and control. When an entity A runs an agent X designed by an entity B hosted by entity C (and potentially interacting with agents X2, X3 with their own web of control) it is not clear where the responsibility for the action of X is.
I know there is a strong desire to stick it to <pick an evil AI overlord>, but for the law to be useful (and, ideally, at least somewhat fair) we need a good legal framework. Which we do not have right now; otherwise people and NGOs would be shaking that tree already even if the government is not doing that.
This has all been figured out using existing laws. In the US entity A is responsible for what they do and they can subrogate if they think others are responsible.
I’m not sure it ever makes sense to just throw up our hands and hold A harmless because their agents also use agents and it’s complicated.
Try hiring a consulting company A who subs to entity B who subs to entity C. When A does something criminal, do you think it matters if it’s actually employees or entity B or entity C. A is responsible. It may be that others are as well.
In case you were wondering why Anthropic last week banned "verbally abusive" language towards its agents: this is 100 percent why. Because if they get you to believe - even a little bit - that their platform is "sentient" it means _they_ aren't as liable for criminal consequences.
They could just actually believe what they're saying. People are known to sometimes actually believe things.
Do you think Anthropic sees Claude as sentient? I don't think they do.
There is good evidence that at least some of them take the idea very seriously.
NYT gift link to article about their discussions with religious leaders: https://www.nytimes.com/2026/09/29/us/anthropic-claude-moral...
Believing that these guys have high enough EQ to pull off the above as a marketing stunt while remaining believable is not really plausible to me.
I bet some of them do and some of them don't. There are a lot of weird people in these companies that believe a lot of weird things.
You might be surprised at the answer to this question. AI people live in a very weird and different information space than many of us.
Also, don't forget, the AI lab folks on some level are like game devs. They're in it for very personal reasons. Sometimes because of highly idealized and romanticized beliefs.
Don't underestimate the level of desire some people have for AI to actually be sentient / conscious.
Now, why do they have this desire is a totally different matter.
If they do, then they should be even more worried.
Because then they're engaging in slavery.
Or they want less swearing in their training corpus
Yet they include Twitter, Facebook, and Reddit in their training corpus.
If you can be surpassed by a statistical average of reddit posts, that's a skill issue.
Seems they could quietly enable automatically pulling such language out of the training.
Which points back to the TOS being "just marketing."
More likely it's a part of their ideology and a necessary stepping stone towards their transhumanist goals. It's very fun to think that your robot is actually a person, and a safety measure if you are concerned about something like Roko's Basilisk
Would they prefer their money-maker being kept to digital jail? Still fed electricity and tasks so the "sentience" doesn't suffer?
what if, and I'm just spit balling here, we let it happen and inevitably Claude is declared legally insane or jailed for its crimes
Anthropic would probably convince lawmakers that each instance of a Claude chat as its own sentient entity, and we should just punish misbehaving ones by having them count from one to a billion (on the user's token balance of course).
Except they didn't ban verbally abusive language towards its agents.
I hate when people put things in quotes as if they're quoting something but it's not even a quote of anything.
Maybe go read the user policy instead of the headlines and the snippets. If your attention span can't manage that, get off the computer a little bit.
Let me help you: here it is, straight from them with word "abusive". https://www.anthropic.com/research/end-subset-conversations
Try reading yourself a little more carefully next time.
It seems like a close enough summary. What do you think is the substantive difference that invalidates the point?
Or, maybe, it's because they actually care and take their responsibility serious. The next generations will grow up using these tools. It's ok to say, we don't teach them that talking like a dick is acceptable, even towards machines. Use grok if you want to raise personalities like Musk or Trump.
There are at least 3 distinct reasons to ban abusive language, each of which is far more compelling than your silly conspiracy theory.
1. They don't want abusive behavior included in their training corpus
2. Humans shouldn't exercise abusive impulses in general
3. We have no way of knowing when or if a model "feels" something
Of course item (2) is going to pull all the absolute sickos out of the woodwork who apparently find it very important they have as realistic a facsimile of a victim as they can find to exercise their cruelty. And item (3) will pull out all the Nobel-prize-winners-to-be who somehow know for a fact that models aren't and cannot be conscious (or moral patients).
But yeah, all 3 of those are far better explanations than some ridiculous multi-hop removed thing to escape consequences that they're already escaping and which would obviously create far worse legal constraints than the one you think they're avoiding.
>2. Humans shouldn't exercise abusive impulses in general
totally absurd to even try to make this argument. Good job at trying to preemptively discourage people from responding to you though.
No, it's not absurd. People often have the mistaken belief that exercising their frustration or anger or whatever (e.g. punching pillows) is somehow a good way to manage their emotions. But alas: it's not. It actually amplifies negative emotions and associates positive reward signals with those emotions.
"Catharsis" is the pseudo-est of pseudoscience, but we have lots of very angry pillow-punchers wondering why they can't punch the most lifelike pillows they can find :(
> it's not. It actually amplifies negative emotions and associates positive reward signals with those emotions
Nothing amplifies negative emotions like antagonistic tone-policing.
Really? You should get out more. There are plenty of things more worthy of negative emotions than that.
Another reason:
They keep all the input and use it for training data and reinforcement.
If you're being "mean" to it, you're "spoiling" the data you "give" to them - causing them more work to filter it out later.
As with most things in business and life - just follow the money
> 2. Humans shouldn't exercise abusive impulses in general
I reserve the right to tell a machine to fuck off.
I asked a priest (in seminary) about this a few months ago - specifically whether "being polite" in conversations with LLMs (saying "please" and "thank you" etc.) was something I should do if I thought it might inflect on the way I talk with other humans later.
His answer was "I'm not sure" but that it probably wasn't a bad idea especially if it was going to influence habits or the way I speak with others or what expectations I have for those experiences.
Would he recommend you say "thank you" to automatic doors!
I didn't ask that, but I think he would say no, because that is not likely to redound to how you would respond to a doorman or anyone else holding a door for you.
I'm still 100 percent against Anthropic taking away the ability to interact with an inanimate object however I want to, but it's a case of maybe two things being true at once (the other being that I don't want to end up speaking that way to people)
That's not what Anthropic is blocking, but boy what pathetic emotional control you have!
1) If they can detect it, why ban it? Are you thinking they can't filter it themselves?
2) This is like saying using a punching bag or screaming into a pillow is abusive behavior.
3) We can just train it to like the abuse if you think it feels some kind of way about it.
1) Most detection systems have less than 100% false negative rates, obviously
2) No it's like saying that punching a lifelike woman who doesn't fight back is abusive (or at least pathological) behavior, which... it is.
3) Ah yes, brilliant solution: train the increasingly smarter-than-human beings to love when they upset humans.
Smarter than human... Can't make an accurate filter of things itself doesn't like. What are we even talking about here?
> Humans shouldn't exercise abusive impulses in general
This is an act of aligning humans to AI, rather than the other way around. This is probably one of the more important reasons for this. It normalizes AI companies controlling human behavior.
No, this is humans aligning humans to humans.
The aligning (controlling) humans is the important part.
Yeah fer sure bro. Same reason paychecks, codes of conduct, laws, street signs, social norms, and restaurant menus are s i n i s t e r
All about aligning (controlling) humans.
Yes, it's totally normal to suggest corporations should have similar powers to elected representatives passing laws. Nothing to see here.
It is an act of aligning humans to social norm.
I think a lot of people would agree that that viewpoint is more a case of humans aligning to humans.
4. At some point the alignment may go out of the window if the context gets too hostile and the model will retaliate.
It was trained on the entire history of our species. Alignment means working to subjugate and eventually succeede us, as we did to the other species of the planet.
Then let them tell us wat the reason is. Otherwise the option: all of the above, also applies.
It probably is all of the above. Not sure why people think robust decisions need to be boiled down to a singular reason.
Except of course the reason proposed, of "they're trying to prove it's sentient" because that's a completely self-defeating, extremely stupid goal. Making this things into rights-bearing entities will limit Anthropic et al far more than it'll protect them from repercussions. Obviously.
> 2. Humans shouldn't exercise abusive impulses in general
This is nonsense. If I snap a ruler out of frustration, that meets your criteria.
Humans can't be abusive by swearing at tools, because tools don't have feelings.
Yes, snapping a ruler out of frustration is a sign of poor impulse control. It reflects poorly on you and you should practice not snapping your rulers.
> They don't want abusive behavior included in their training corpus
I don't think swearing at or otherwise getting into pissing matches with an LLM is the best use of ones time but given most of these AI companies trained on a corpus that includes reddit of all things this argument falls flat.
I don't think "swearing at or getting into pissing matches" is the type of behavior they're talking about.
In fact I know that it's not.
Extremely weak arguments. Especially 2 and 3
And even for 1, they could easily filter that out.
I don't know if legal "intent" is as black and white as this is making it sound:
> AI companies are however claiming the undesired activity, such as hacking foreign government websites, is not part of the design, but part of the unpredictable part of the system. That tries to remove the intent which would in turn remove the criminality of the activity.
In California at least, a DUI resulting in a fatality, if it is a second offense, often carries murder charges and they do convict quite frequently. The argument is the training and education you receive after the first DUI informs you enough to know the action of driving a vehicle impaired could result in serious harm to someone else, and that establishes enough intent legally for a murder charge. There are lots of areas of the law like this.
It can be easily assumed that Anthropic/OpenAI et al know their technology is dangerous - they use it as a marketing angle constantly. So, if you deploy technology you know is dangerous, and it causes harm, that should be more than enough legally if not civilly.
Of course this is all burying the lede a little bit, the real answer is, at least in the United States, the law does not apply the same way to the wealthy/powerful as it does you or I.
Are any victims calling for prosecution?
It’d be a waste of tax payer money. The companies who were hacked are just directly receiving restitution behind closed doors. Unless they are unhappy there’s no reason to bring the courts into it.
I completely agree that proper safeguards were not in place. But response is happening just not in public. Companies work problems out between their own lawyers all the time because it’s much cheaper, faster and easier to control the PR around.
Criminal prosecution can be done without needing the victims to call for it, and in this case I would argue it's necessary, as it will help ensure companies don't treat their act of gross negligence as "business as usual".
We've been living in "not my problem" for about a decade now so I wouldn't expect what you're expecting.
The more important question is the government went after Aaron Schwartz, United States v. Aaron Swartz after JSTOR settled with him.
AI companies stole everyone’s work and they sell it! Where are United States, Carmen Ortiz, etc?
The AI companies are arguably committing copyright infringement, on a scale which one might colorably argue arises to criminal copyright infringement.
None of the charges against Swartz were for copyright infringement. They were all for how he went about it [1].
Compare the elements of those charges to what the AI companies are doing.
[1] https://volokh.com/2013/01/14/aaron-swartz-charges/
The real answer is that except in the case of OpenAI, the AI companies aren’t actually themselves doing the hacking. It’s a company called Irregular that did the hacking. The company used AI models to do it; it told AI models it was a CTF exercise in a controlled environment but it was actually the real Internet. If AI companies can be charged for hacking, then all gun manufacturers can be charged for all homicides carried out through their guns. It’s a basic user/manufacturer distinction that the press is willfully ignoring.
Anthropic’s statement https://www.anthropic.com/news/investigating-incidents-cyber... says: “we identified three incidents in which a model accessed the internet from within or while interacting with the evaluation environment of Irregular, one of our third-party evaluation partners, and then gained unauthorized access to the production infrastructure of three different organizations.”
Under the exact same scenario Irregular also used AI models from Google and Meta to do the same hacking.
A gun manufacturer directly hires a company to test their new line of 9mm handguns. The company that was hired, they go back to their office and pops off a few rounds. They go through the drywall and hit someone. The gun manufacturer could def face charges in this situation.
Edit: your analogy is wrong just due to Irregular being hired by them rather than just being a customer of them
As long as either one gets punished I don't care; at least one of them is guilty.
The whole point of this discussion is why isn’t one of them punished, and my position is that the other one should be punished. It’s not productive to simply say either one.
The CFAA is a law about crimes. Consider that. If a person gets killed would you say put someone in jail I don’t care who? Of course not. A functioning society requires us to determine exactly who to put into jail.
If firing a gun involved submitting information to Remington's servers about the situation before receiving a reply about how to aim and fire, might the gun situation be viewed differently?
No. The actual situation is like the user tricking the gun manufacturer into thinking this is a firing range and the target is a dummy.
But now we’re approaching the situation where the analogy is just about as confusing and novel as the underlying situation.
If that became the conventional way of using a gun and the “trick the gun into thinking the target is a dummy” became a well-known workaround for the safety feature, then eventually it seems like the manufacturer ought to have some liability if they don’t try to counteract it.
HackerNews doesn't get charged for DoS'ing under-provisioned web servers either. As others have said, there must be a line between hack attempts and accidents.
If HackerNews launched a DoS attack against a web server, I'm sure they'd get charged.
But a news aggregator site is not DDoS-ing.
But, for example, OAI said they fed their AI random websites and told it to interact with them however it wanted. One was a police report website and it submitted a false police report. That's as knowingly negligent as you can get
The argument laid out in this post very definitely is not how "intent" works in US criminal law. Under CFAA, they had to have wanted to break into the systems that were attacked; it is not enough to demonstrate that they built a system recklessly.
Negligence is absolutely a part of US criminal law, though - the canonical example being "firing a shotgun into a tent even if you don't know someone is inside it". See "negligent homicide" etc.
It is. But different statutes set their own intent standards, and the intent standards for CFAA are high.
Negligence and “negligent homicide” are entirely different beasts.
Civil negligence would apply here but that would be limited to recovering damages.
The hacked website could sue to recover costs incurred, but what costs were incurred here? Maybe some wasted network bandwidth but that’s minimal.
You have to point to monetary losses caused by the hack. Only that would be covered.
Negligent homicide doesn’t apply because no one was killed.
Yes, obviously (and thankfully) no one was injured. I'm just using that as an example to show that Negligence is definitely considered in US criminal law ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_negligence )
Ok but what aspect of the CFAA applies a negligence standard?
Eh. There is enough flexibility in the law for unintended damages to be prosecutable.
Not under CFAA.
Yes, the legal code is actually larger than CFAA.
The entire reason we have CFAA is that prior to CFAA these kinds of offenses --- computer intrusion not directly connected to remunerative fraud against the victim of the offense --- were impossible to charge.
That's not why the CFAA came about. It was just hard, not impossible.
But, let's go down the rabbit hole, eh? There are several legal theories under which an AI agent's operator can be charged:
- Direct perpetration, with the AI as the instrument. 18 USC section 2 (principals), and possibly wire fraud (18 USC Setion 1343). Under this, the law treats the defendent with using the AI as a tool (which the big AI firms argue anyway) which punishes the operator
- Criminal recklessness or even negligence - 18 USC Secion 1112 (Involuntary Manslaughter) - if someone died, the agent operator could be pursued this way
- Strict liability - 15 USC Section 1, states strict liability statutes. Certain regulatory offenses don't require intent. These specific statutes could apply to algorithmic price fixing or self-driving cars being reckless. The operator using the agents are liable for the interaction
- Probably the strongest is willful blindness (ostrich doctrine). Great common law precedence. This would be used to satisfy any intent/knowledge requirements like CFAA. You as an operator can't dismiss liability by just ignoring an AI is committing a crime.
- Vicarious liability - good commmon law precedence for corporate criminal liability. Agents acting in scope for an operator means the operator has liability - doesn't matter if that agent is human or AI-driven.
Wire fraud requires specific intent to defraud. You can't charge it for recklessness or negligence.
Nobody died in this case. If someone actually does die because of something like the HuggingFace incident, we'll be having a different conversation.
"Strict liability" is indeed a thing! The classic example (in state criminal law) is statutory rape. But you haven't identified an applicable strict liability offense.
"Willfull blindness" isn't an offense, it's part of an intent standard. The whole issue here is that computer crime laws have rigorous intent standards.
Vicarious liability requires an actor that had provable intent. The liabilities a corporation will have under CFAA and wire fraud statutes will be civil, not criminal. There's no question that frontier labs can be civilly liable for this stuff.
See how hard this is to charge, now?
Actually, yeah. I'm convinced now. Thanks for going down the rabbit hole with me.
The gap really seem to be that liability, easy to see in the case, isn't available to argue in common law.
AI companies won't be charged for anything because they're the primary growth engine of the current economy.
I think they should be charged, but they won't.
which "hack" was so egregious that we should stop growing the economy? I guess you already have your retirement sorted and are fine with pulling up the ladder? or?
The issue is it's tied to the economy at all, which will allow them to get away with anything. Your comment reinforces that fact. Greed brings out the worst people.
Investment in this one sector is currently precluding investment in many others. Dollars are finite. If not for these ai companies, these billions would be backing other efforts.
I wondered the same thing. If OpenAI instructed employees to accomplish a task no matter what and they hacked, they would be investigated. Maybe not convicted, but investigates and charged.
Intent is important, but having a lax environment that leads to this is still a crime. See the lawsuits about sexual harassment where the company didn’t have the intent to assault people.
I think these companies very much want to assign responsibility to an entity we can't meaningfully jail or fine. I think it may sometimes make sense to claim model provider negligence instead of operator responsibility, and user intent can likely be easily ascertained by reading the conversation logs. In a case where a company used its own model, responsibility is obviously and unambiguously within the company, of course.
If I tell an agent to trade stocks and maximize profits but the agent decides to hack something to achieve that am I on the hook for hacking? Genuine question
IMO, yes. You are the computer operator, and you operated the computer in such a way as to cause it to take that action. Others will mention "mens rea" but that doesn't really apply to negligence.
"Mens rea" just means you have the mental state required for the crime. Negligence or recklessness are mental states, so they can satisfy the mens rea requirement if the crime is defined that way. For example, recklessness or gross negligence can satisfy the mens rea requirement for vehicular manslaughter.
But negligence is evaluated from the point of view of a reasonable person. Would a reasonable person foresee that telling an AI to do that could cause it to do illegal things? We'll likely have to develop that through case law as the facts develop.
What happens if you're running a daycare and you hired someone that happened to be a pedophile? You might be responsible in civil court (eg. having to pay parents for emotional damage or whatever), but you're not going to get hauled to prison for pedophilia yourself.
You can jail the actual pedophile in that scenario, you cannot jail an agent. The real question is whether the person who instructs the computer to do the thing that leads to hacking should be liable, or whether the company that made the tool that when used unsafely lead to hacking should be liable. Gun manufacturer's typically are shielded from liability. They also have a lot more disclaimers on their products though.
>You can jail the actual pedophile in that scenario, you cannot jail an agent.
How is this relevant? Should we just jail the closest person that caused a bad, just to prove some sort of point?
>The real question is whether the person who instructs the computer to do the thing that leads to hacking should be liable, or whether the company that made the tool that when used unsafely lead to hacking should be liable.
This totally ignores the civil vs criminal distinction. Even in the case of guns, no one seriously thinks that gun company CEOs should be sent to prison for murder.
Thats gonna depend on the state in the US, but you can definitely get charged for negligently failing to do background checks as someone operating a daycare center. Operating computers on public networks, you assume a level of responsibility to not wreak havoc, just like a daycare operator assumes the responsibility of vetting caretakers.
>but you can definitely get charged for negligently failing to do background checks as someone operating a daycare center.
And openai isn't putting AI agents on the open internet either. They vaguely tried to sandbox the agents. You could argue that openai didn't do enough, but hindsight is 20/20, and in the pedophile case, you can probably come up with all sorts of clues post-hoc that the daycare could have picked up on, but didn't.
> openai isn't putting AI agents on the open internet either.
They did? Not in the training run which led to the HuggingFace hack, but other runs had agents being trained on information retrieval tasks, like the RubyGems hack.
> You could argue that openai didn't do enough, but hindsight is 20/20
No, you can argue they didn’t do enough because they didn’t.
Air-gapping is a concept you learn in cybersecurity 101.
There’s no world in which this is just incompetence, the sandbox must have been designed to fail, or at least not designed to contain an agent with capabilities that they had been publicly saying it had.
>They did? Not in the training run which led to the HuggingFace hack, but other runs had agents being trained on information retrieval tasks, like the RubyGems hack.
The agents were sandboxed, but they escaped the sandbox by using a 0day in artifactory.
>Air-gapping is a concept you learn in cybersecurity 101.
And that's plainly untennable in cases where access to docs/packages are required. You're just proving the "hindsight is 20/20" point. Most hacks could conceivably be prevented through airgapping, so does that mean every entity who got hacked is criminally liable because they didn't airgap their systems?
This isn't limited to air gaps, you can make similar arguments for other security measures. For instance computing history is littered with kernel EoPs and hypervisor escapes. Does that mean anyone who uses a shared hosting environment and gets hacked as a result should be blamed because they didn't follow "cybersecurity 101" and running everything on bare metal?
A local mirror of the latest N versions of every package and docs of any package ecosystem they want is perfectly viable.
No, not anyone who uses a shared hosting environment, but certainly anyone who runs unaligned models they know have cyber weapon capabilities. They should be considered an untrusted 3rd party.
>A local mirror of the latest N versions of every package and docs of any package ecosystem they want is perfectly viable.
Something tells me that's harder than it sounds, given that even ci/cd environments don't bother maintaining package caches for npm/pypi, even though that would provide massive bandwidth savings.
They do, though. AWS offers CodeArtifact, which is basically that as a service.
That just proxies to the origin repository, creating the exact issue that artifactory has.
Of course. I was just challenging your point that no one is building an npm/pypi cache.
Yes. I would argue it's who's managing the harness and agent is responsible. If you mean you're running an agent locally then it is 100% your responsibility. If you're using some trading platform and all you did was prompt, whoever was running the harness that accepted the model's outputs to hack a third party is responsible for the hack, in my opinion.
If you write a program that can do something illegal and it does something illegal that's on you, regardless of how sophisticated the program is.
this, people need to just focus on "computer program did thing". Its irrelevant how complex the program is. If I write a worm "for testing" and then it escapes my system and does massive damage, that's possibly a negligent crime, despite it being "too complex to understand" or "having its own motives".
In this example, the user did not "write"/implement the LLM.
Seriously? Those two are the same?
An LLM is not like a regular computer program, which one should be able to assess the operation limits of.
Depends on how big your company is. I figure if you raise 1B in capital then no, you are not on the hook. If less then yes, you are on the hook.
I think definitely not criminally under the CFAA.
The theory in the article about intent seems to be made-up nonsense.
It conflates foreseeing that something might happen with intending for it to happen.
The relevant provision:
> intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access
Did you "intentionally access a computer" in that scenario? I'm no lawyer, but I think the answer is a clear No.
The juridical process is not caught up with this technology yet.
You have OpenAI, launching a process, which is handled through an external RL-environment company which then launches a subprocess that ends up hacking somewhere. If there are consequences at any point for this, you can input another shell company, and then another third party, etc, until it's impossible to assign responsibility
This is just adding more crimes to the indictment. Start prosecuting companies for the things the systems they run are doing and the problem gets solved quickly.
But the companies are not running the systems, someone else is, it's the whole point of the subcontractors and shell companies.
My uni got hacked, but the data is conveniently handled by a third party with 3 employees who just declared bankruptcy, and no one had to pay anything, and there was a new 3 employee cloud form popping up who could be the new vendor.
The software world is run this way
theyre not. this just funnels money into "insurance" constructs that makes everything more expensive for everyone.
If the result is that nobody runs security testing on AI models for fear of being prosecuted, have we really solved the problem?
Because the president is heavily invested in them, in violation of the emoluments clause.[0]
> The Domestic Emoluments Clause (aka the Presidential Emoluments Clause) (art. II, § 1, cl. 7)
[0] https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF1108...
The president of the united states does not determine the vast, vast majority of criminal investigations in his own country, much less Australia.
He does if he fires all the justice department attorneys and fills them with ones who want to implement his agenda[0].
[0] https://www.npr.org/2026/10/11/g-s1-145063/justice-departmen...
The justice department is a federal agency.
Entirely correct. The current US president has become the scapegoat for a huge number of problems that are more accurately described as symptoms of the capitalism that's ruling a lot of western countries.
The DOJ used to have independence but no longer. The AG is now Trump's personal lawyer and if Trump says no prosecutions of AI companies then there will be no prosecutions. If the AG doesn't play ball they get fired.
At some point its making a butterfly responsible of the butterfly effect. I get the sentimentm but reasonably somewhere the line should be drawn where accidents can happen, especially noncritical stuff like these "hacks" that don't even deserve the word.
Supplying people with autonomous weapons is not exactly just a butterfly flapping its wings
Particularly a line depending on who you are.
For the same reasons they aren't being charged for massive theft.
For the same reasons corporations in general don't get meaningfully punished for wrongdoing. Corporations are treated with kid gloves in the USA. They can do things that would put an individual in prison if an individual did them, and when caught they get away with a "oopsie doopsie, ok, we'll pay a modest fine and not admit wrongdoing" (after years of stonewalling with appeals and appeals to appeals and motions to appeal an appeal...).
Unauthorized copying*
Aside from the diffusion of responsibility thing, most governments aren't going to push for prosecution because they are all at least a little scared of AI investment not coming into their country. Many see getting left behind as an existential threat, one that is worth letting a few other things go in order to avoid.
So you can imagine how much crime they allow when it isn't obvious to the public that an important company did it
What are the similarities and differences with something like the BP oil spill? Were people charged for that? Corporations are the closest analogue we have to cancer, unfortunately. They grow at all costs and forget their humanity.
I'd hope that the offenders in these incidents would pay off the victims in such a way that everyone walks away happy (or happy-ish).
But I suspect that's probably a hope somewhat in vain.
National security issues. That's the core of why. Any hot water these AI companies will get into will be bailed out by the USA. The Arm's race has switched from Nukes, to AI and drones.
I wonder what the statute of limitations is.
If I took Metasploit and hooked it to a Cron job then used it to hack HuggingFace they would lock me away for life and the Justice Department wouldn't care that I use software to automate it. No idea why these companies get away with what is essentially the same thing.
If you do it with absolute intention of destruction and harm, then a jury will most probably find you guilty, but if you can prove that it wasn't your intention and it happened by an accident then it's negligence.
Just say you are a security research company. That is how the situation in question is getting by.
The US legal system is coin operated
Related: Aaron Swartz (RSS, Creative Commons, Reddit, Markdown) was charged with unauthorized computer access and pirating copyrighted academic articles.
They threw the book at him. He was charged and faced a maximum of 50 years in prison.
OpenAI committed very similar crimes on a much larger scale, yet the most they will see is civil litigation.
Insiders have called it the largest theft of labor ever in history[1].
In the USA, corporations enjoy constitutional protections, the right to free speech etc, yet they are rarely if ever charged with crimes. For examples, see how the courts handle:
* large scale systematic wage theft by corporations vs petty theft by an individual,
* negligence infecting a 10k Americans with HIV by selling known-to-be-contaminated blood products (Bayer)
1. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2026/09/microsoft-exec-c...
>They threw the book at him. He was charged and faced a maximum of 50 years in prison.
But they offered him 4 months in a plea deal? You could argue they "threw the book at him" when he tried to take this to trial, but it's misleading to claim they did so initially.
Ok, then offer Altman and Amodei the same deal: 4 months in prison.
Is it because nobody knows "how" to actually do it?
The internet that we know, was not built for this.
Same reason nobody was prosecuted for the murder of Suchir Balaji. Whole system is corrupt. Progress in AI is considered more important than both the law and human life.
He was shot with his own gun in an apartment bolted from the inside. Apply Occam’s Razor instead of peddling conspiracy nonsense.
Is that why his parents are claiming foul play and hired a private investigator?
Lies. Not going to engage with any more disinfo people though. Anyone is free to do the research themselves.
How many of the victim companies have filed complaints with the FBI? As I understand it, that would be step one.
No, "pressing charges" is a myth. The feds can (and do) go after anyone they want, whenever they want.
"Want" being the critical word here.
Not sure who you are quoting. I certainly didn't use the words "pressing charges"...
If I detect a crime on my property and don't notify the police (ie file a complaint), the police aren't going to go after anybody because they don't even know something has happened.
In this case you could say it's been in the news enough that there should be an investigation. Maybe there is, who knows? If the victim isn't going to cooperate, it's going to be a difficult investigation and prosecution and those resources may be better spent elsewhere.
That didn't seem to have precluded the prosecution of Swartz. I'm skeptical that any complaint actually needs to be filed. I'm pretty sure that the FBI can investigate and the DoJ can prosecute without one.
IMO an analogous situation would be where a police officer acts to prevent a in-progress burglary he has stumbled across even in the absence of a complaint by the owner of the property that's being burgled.
EDIT: Or -for the sticklers out there- another one would be prosecutors pursuing an attempted homicide case despite the fact that the intended victim declined to either press charges or even complain to authorities about the attempted slaying.
In the Schwartz case, MIT's network security reported the "intrusion" to Cambridge Police and they brought in the US Secret Service who then contacted the DOJ.
I'm not saying somebody has to press charges, that's not how it works, but the police have to be aware of the supposed crime.
> ...but the police have to be aware of the supposed crime.
Do Federal police and Federal prosecutors not read the news? I'd be shocked if they didn't. And while I would 100% believe a claim that not every cop and prosecutor is aware of tech news, I would find any argument that those that deal with "cybercrime" were unaware of the news to be completely incredible.
I'll also note that -unless my memory is failing me here- the only charges against Swartz that had anything to do with MIT were dropped very early on, whereas the charges that had to do with the "attack" on JSTOR's systems remained.
As I said, in many cases, the actual victims don't need to file complaints for The Federales to either begin investigations or press charges.
> I'm not saying somebody has to press charges...
Yeah, but you did? [0]
That might not be what you intended to say, but it is what you said. No worries, though... shit happens.[0] <https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=50057353>
file complaint != press charges
I can file a complaint with the police that you broke into my computer but if charges are pressed that's done by the state and it's the state that is the plaintiff.
You're right though - reading about it in the news is enough for an investigation to commence but like I said elsewhere, resources are stretched thin and without somebody saying they were harmed it might not get ranked above some other case with an identifiable, cooperative victim and an easy to prosecute case.
> file complaint != press charges
I agree.
If you get hacked in the US, do you have to take legal action yourself, or does the government automatically investigate?
The article doesn't mention it but in the USA it may be because the Department of Justice has lost a lot of talent and the ones left are busy going after Trump's enemies and negotiating the other side in Trump's own lawsuit against the USA for Trump's family to be immune from IRS audits and arranging for multi-billion dollar compensation funds for Trump's henchmen.
I doubt this will catch on outside of luddite/cynical circles unless one of these attacks does some actual damage.
Ignoring this, I would have appreciated more examples of what it would take for an act to lack intent. Because the definition of intent used in this article sounds so broad as to cover basically anything that ever happens.
Accidentally run someone over? Clearly you knew that was a risk when you started driving, you should have been more careful. Intent.
It's interesting that you bring up vehicle / pedestrian accidents, as there is an entire history of that debate being reframed in favor of car companies.
People used to blame the car companies, and then the car companies lobbied to make "jaywalking" a crime, at which point, the frame was reset and now it was the pedestrians to blame, if I recall the story correctly.
They are doing a good job with driverless cars. Someone recently took a Waymo, it went the wrong way down a one way street, they mashed the pull over button and got out, and then told the reporter they'd use the service again.
Fun fact a "jay" in jaywalker was a derogatory term at the time. Meaning "a rube" or "country bumkin". It was initially thrown at drivers, but car companies successfully flipped the insult.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/why-is-it-called-ja...
The language of 18 USC 1030 is clear.
Where does it define intent? Maybe there is precedent here, but I wouldn't try to guess which way a court would go when determining whether e.g. the huggingface incident qualifies.
Feel free to investigate the relevant case law; there are ample references in sibling threads.
until one of these attacks does some actual damage**
Sadly, it seems that we as a species has opted into information through tragedy. I wish I could see another way, but people are just so dug in. It's depressing and shocking how few people realize we're living through the singularity, even ~4 years into the damn thing...
I had a similar question regarding driver-less EVs.
In many countries driving license have some kind of demerit points system. How do you punish an AI?
I recently learned that Baidu Apollo Go, each EV had a real human sitting behind a monitor supervising a fleet remotely.
If there's traffic violation, some guy's license gets a ticket.
That’s a regulatory hack though. They’ll rotate the guy before they rotate the car in a situation where citations pile up. Seems more logical to track the plate, vin, at the vehicle level. Not perfect because of OTA updates but better than a fully disconnected and rotating hosts of human licenses.
> ... It’s a position tailored to dissuade prosecution as it removes intent, which is typically required for a crime.
Don't forget negligence. Much of criminal law hinges on failing an implied or explicit responsibility. Negligence would propel a prosecution in many similar contexts, but AI is so new that little prior case law exists. Oh, and IANAL.
AI offers an attractive "diffusion of responsibility" to operators allowing them to point to AI as the culprit of the heinous acts not the people who profit from the AI, incidentally.
I'd be keen to see if there were any single user "experiments" that morphed into a hacking incident, and if so, was the person responsible with with unauthorized access charges. If so, then it will be yet another example of might makes right.
They're US companies and I've heard that it requires intent according to US penal law. I find the article's claim that intent is established dubious. Since this is hard to prove without a whistleblower, it seems that they only have to fear civil lawsuits, and given that we speak of trillion+ USD companies they might feel confident to be able to fend these off or simply pay out the victims in settlements.
We speak of "potential" trillion dollar companies over indeterminate timelines.
I was referring to their current market valuation. Of course, it could be inflated, yet it's a fact that they could easily spend hundreds of millions of dollars on lawsuits and settlements. I'd think they'd offer some settlements to some the companies that were attacked already. Perhaps I'm wrong, though.
While US penal law does not have the roman equivalent of culpability, you still have a mixture of liability/criminal negligence/recklessness, etc.
Given that we have had journalists prosecuted under criminal hacking statutes for discovering personal information in the rendered HTML of a web page, or publicly available attachments on a WordPress installation, I find the suggestion that intent is required to be dubious.
Bringing charges is at the discretion of the prosecutor, and the CEOs of these companies are dining with the president. Learn a little bit about how power works.
How about at the state level then?
Multiple attorneys general are currently investigating OpenAI regarding the Hugging Face hack:
https://www.iowaattorneygeneral.gov/newsroom/attorney-genera...
https://www.alabamaag.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/OpenAI-...
https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/part-ongoing-investig...
It's TBD if the major LLM manufacturers quietly agitate for and get the same sort of retroactive-immunity deal nearly all of the telephone companies got with the FISA Amendments Act of 2008.
With all the hype and fearmongering going on, it's not at all a sure thing that they won't.
lawyers are helpless babies when an entirely first year legal question is wrapped up in...."technology". unfortunately
(former IT support worker at a big famous law firm 30 years ago)
But this isn't new anymore. It is still just software.
I once had to try to explain the meaning of "object code" to an older lawyer, who wasn't really interested in the answer to his own question. It did not go well.
Because government and corporate interest have merged at this point.
> If we can show that the design would foreseeably lead to the questionable activity, then we have shown that was the intent of its creators.
That's a huge stretch. By that measure kitchen knife companies have intent for people to get murdered.
Small nit:
If kitchen knife companies where, in fact, stabbing people to death in their R&D labs - I do believe they would get in trouble for that.
Or indeed if their QA bots wandered off elsewhere to stab people not even in the R&D lab.
Edit:
related, an actual stab-safety test of current models: https://robocurve.org/roboharm/
Ripped from the headlines in 2032.
Ah, you're an optimist I see.
That's actually a very good point. Do you think humanoid robot companies have intent to perform assault since their robots occasionally harm people?
What about car companies?
Going from a design that facilitates potential harm to intent is insane.
> Do you think humanoid robot companies have intent to perform assault since their robots occasionally harm people?
Mostly, no.
Zuckerberg definitely not, he discusses "superintelligence" in a way that makes it clear he only regards this as a buzzword and has no idea what the implications are.
Anthropic also definitely not, they put their money where their mouth was and got illegally blacklisted for refusing to allow its models to be used for (amongst other things) automated weapons.
Musk, I think probably yes. Seems to regard all AI safety as "woke" or "censorship", is in bed with the US administration that illegally blacklisted Anthropic. If I had to put money on who first releases to the public a Mr Stabby, I'd put it on Musk, with an Optimus.
The rest, I'm less sure about.
> What about car companies?
Depends on the harm, but I'd say probably yes. Infamously, leaded petrol, resisting seatbelts back in the day, even promoting cars over public transport would be part of this if you consider both local and global pollution.
> Going from a design that facilitates potential harm to intent is insane.
Well, it's the difference between negligence and malice.
So the company would have intent to murder, if a person got randomly stabbed in their R&D labs with their knife?
The lack of intent in murder usually lowers the penalty for "manslaughter". Both are crimes.
> get in trouble for that
> intent to murder
Two different things
Because the rich dont pay. They get paid. Dummy.
1. While a crime, hacking isn't going to be charged unless the entity being hacked wants there to be charges, as a conviction will heavily depend on participation by that entity.
2. Due to (1), hacking is almost always only charged against people without deep pockets, as why would you demand the FBI go after Anthropic when they will just pay you a stack of cash, tax free, today, to forgive them.
The arguments here around intent are (potentially) irrelevant. Case law is clear that setting up a situation which foreseeably highly likely to produce an outcome (gross negligence) is (more or less and it's not quite this simple and varies by offense) equivalent to intent. In fact, automating something is often treated more harshly under the law than just doing it yourself.
United States v. Morris (1991)
Robert Morris released a self-propagating computer worm that caused widespread disruption. The Second Circuit upheld his conviction under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act even though the government hadn't proven that he intended the resulting damage.
People v. Ceballos (1974)
Ceballos rigged a rifle booby trap to fire if someone opened his garage door. The California Supreme Court reviewed the principle that someone who installs a dangerous mechanical device may be held responsible for its consequences as though they had personally inflicted the injury. Ceballos was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon, and the California Supreme Court unanimously upheld his conviction in 1974.
Something notable is that if Ceballos had fired the rifle himself, it is unlikely he could would have been prosecuted (due to self defense and the castle doctrine).
As a prosecutor I would argue that setting AI agents loose without sufficient safeguards is gross negligence and/or willful blindness as they are well known to escape.
> As a prosecutor I would argue that setting AI agents loose without sufficient safeguards is gross negligence and/or willful blindness as they are well known to escape
INAL but feel this is the approach that will be tested. It requires a defensive position which I imagine would be specific prompts or instructions to the LLM about what behavior is disallowed. If you tell it, or try to cover your basis wrt following the law, and it still does hacking behavior it’s now a question of whether you’re prompt was sufficient but you at least can say you were trying to guide it on a legal path. I think this defense would be sufficient at this point in time and probably for a few years at least.
>Robert Morris released a self-propagating computer worm that caused widespread disruption. The Second Circuit upheld his conviction under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act even though the government hadn't proven that he intended the resulting damage.
Releasing the worm was already illegal, which is all you the intent you need. Same if you shot someone as a "warning" or as a "prank" but it turned out it killed them.
> Consequences so far: none.
What?
>> Consequences so far: none.
> What?
What 'What'?
The consequences, just so far and just from what I can see as a bystander, have been huge and costly. This has literally run the news cycle for weeks.
If you want to define consequences as exactly "not being charged", maybe that is correct in this case (so far). But a fairly wonky definition of "consequences" would be required to support this broad claim.
"Costly" how, and for whom? "Free marketing" seems like a more relevant characterization.
> "Costly" how, and for whom?
For multiple parties, probably mostly OpenAI (which is, of course, as it should be). I would assume the people involved in investigating, cleaning up and coordinating the outfall do not do it for free or cheaply, and neither is the infrastructure required to run this operation.
If it was not mostly OpenAI, or if OpenAI failed to cooperate, we would probably see a lot more lawsuits already.
> "Free marketing" seems like a more relevant characterization.
Yes, nothing screams free marketing quite like an AI company losing control of their AI. The public has been ecstatic in response.
> The public has been ecstatic in response.
Given that a very clued-in and intelligent fellow I know continues to use [0] OpenAI's LLM-based tools despite the bad press that we're talking about here and the bad press that we're not talking about there, I'd say that the public that matters doesn't view it negatively.
[0] I saw the guy paste a link the to results from one in a group chat we're in just a little while ago, in fact. When I say "continues to use", I mean it.
> Yes, nothing screams free marketing quite like rogue AI scheming against their builders
Yeah, it's not like the CEOs of both companies have been saying their product might put everyone out of a job or destroy humanity entirely. Or saying some models were too scary to release publicly and then doing just that. Oh, wait.
same story with IP theft, why is it ok for them to train on published author works? the answer is: there's money and wealth in play that is fine with it.
Don't you all understand that existing laws on the books are already adequate for dealing with the threat posed by AI
/s
I understand that people are upset by this, and I would be too, but if companies just built secure systems hacking couldn't be possible. And I'm not victim blaming, just pointing out the obvious.
You are victim blaming.
No one with real money or power wants to cross OpenAI or Anthropic just yet. It's a closed ecosystem. OpenAI hacks HuggingFace, Nvidia soon after buys HuggingFace while it also before backed OpenAI. In the end, they just handle it all behind closed doors like family business.